沙巴体育手机app美国限制的最新情况.S. 拜登政府的人事活动-沙巴体育手机app

3月16日, 2021, the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry 和 Security (国际清算银行) implemented its interim final rule to apply certain provisions of the Export Control 改革 Act of 2018 (ECRA). The rule imposes additional licensing requirements under the Export Administration Regulations (耳朵) for exports, 再出口, 和国内转移和 it exp和s restrictions on activities of U.S. ，即使有关项目不受耳朵的影响.

限制你.S. 人

A “U.S. “人”的定义是指任何一个在美国工作的人.S. 美国公民，美国永久居民.S.，或受保护的个人. “U.S. person” also applies to companies incorporated or registered in the U.S.包括他们在海外的分支机构.

Section 1753 of the ECRA directs the President to impose controls on the activities of U.S. 人, 无论它们位于哪里, 与特定的核爆炸装置有关的, 导弹, 化学或生物武器, 生产化学武器前体的整株植物, 国外海上核电项目, 以及外国军事情报机构.

耳朵通常控制项目, 如硬件, 软件, 以及在美国制造或开发的技术.S.或在某些情况下，由美国制造的外国产品.S. 内容或技术，而不是服务. 然而, the 耳朵 long has included prohibitions on certain activities by U.S. 与敏感核活动有关的人员, 导弹(包括无人机), 化学和生物武器. 与临时最终规则, 国际清算银行 is harmonizing definitions 和 updating its regulations to encompass certain activities of U.S. 人, 包括, for the first time, with foreign military intelligence end uses 和 end users.

第744节.6 of the 耳朵 details the licensing requirements that apply to specific activities of U.S. 出口方面的人员, 再出口, 和国内转移, 以及与出口无关的活动，包括合同, 服务, 当就业与确定的活动相联系时.

美国政府的限制活动和“支持”.S. 人

在这些规则下，美国政府必须采取行动.S. 有关人士不得为以下事项提供“支援”:

设计, 发展, 生产, 操作, 安装(含现场安装), 维护(检查), 修复, 改革, or 翻新 of nuclear explosive devices in any country not identified in Supplement No. 3至第744部分
设计, 发展, 生产, 操作, 安装(含现场安装), 维护(检查), 修复, 改革, or 翻新 of 导弹 in or by a country in Country Groups D:4 or E:2
设计, 发展, 生产, 操作, 安装(含现场安装), 维护(检查), 修复, 改革, or 翻新 of 化学或生物武器 in or by any country worldwide
设计, 发展, 生产, 操作, 安装(含现场安装), 维护(检查), 修复, 改革, 翻新, 装运, or transfer (in-country) of a whole plant to make chemical weapons precursors in ECCN 1C350 in or by countries not in Country Group A:3
A military-intelligence end-use or a military intelligence end-user in Burma, 中国, 俄罗斯, 委内瑞拉, 或国家组E:1或E:2中的国家

在新的规则下，美国政府将采取行动.S. 人 must obtain a 国际清算银行 license to “support” identified activities, 一个更宽松的标准，一个先前的先决条件，美国.S. “直接协助”被禁止活动的人.

The term “support” is expansively defined by 国际清算银行 as any of the following:

航运 or transmitting from one foreign country to another foreign country any item not subject to the 耳朵 knowing it will be used in or by any of the end uses or end users described above
Transferring (in-country) any item not subject to the 耳朵 knowing it will be used in or by any of the end uses or end users described above
Facilitating such 装运, transmission, or transfer (in-country)
执行任何合同, 服务, or employment knowing it may assist or benefit any of the end uses or end users described above, 包括, 但不限于:订购, 购买, 删除, 隐瞒, 存储, 使用, 销售, 田间小路, 处理, 维修, 融资, 运输, 货运代理, 或进行谈判，以促进.

仅提供耳朵 744如何使用的一个例子.6可能会实施许可证要求，想象一个美国.S.-Polish dual citizen working as a logistics manager for a company based in Warsaw. If the company sells Polish-origin paper products (not subject to the 耳朵) to the 俄罗斯n military intelligence agency GRU, 和美国.S. person logistics manager knowingly assists this prohibited military-intelligence end-user through her employment, 耳朵将要求后勤经理获得许可证.

Additional Prohibitions on Military Intelligence End Uses 和 End Users

国际清算银行 added restrictions in the interim final rule with regard to the activities of U.S. 人 in support of certain military intelligence end uses 和 end users. 它需要一个U.S. person to obtain an 国际清算银行 license to “support” a military intelligence end use or end user in Burma, 中国, 古巴, 伊朗, 朝鲜, 叙利亚, 俄罗斯, or 委内瑞拉 (or any country which may be added to Country Groups E:1 or E:2 in the future). 然而, it is highly unlikely that a license application for these purposes will be approved, as 国际清算银行 would review the application under a presumption of denial.

These new requirements are unusual for the 耳朵, but have parallels in other U.S. 出口管制和制裁计划. 例如, 《沙巴体育手机app下载》, administered by the Directorate of 国防贸易管制 (DDTC), regulates the furnishing of “defense 服务” to foreign 人 by U.S. 人. “Defense 服务” can range from providing military training to something as mundane as turning a wrench on a foreign military aircraft. Another example is found in sanctions programs administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (外国资产控制办公室). Most sanctions programs prohibit a broad range of activities 和 transactions involving U.S. 人和 the country, group, or individual targeted for sanctions. 例如，一个美国的.S. person anywhere in the world is generally prohibited from facilitating transactions or furthering trade with 伊朗.

对你的影响.S. 沙巴体育手机app

U.S. 人 (both individuals 和 companies) engaged in these restricted activities without proper licensing face the same criminal 和 civil penalties that apply to any other violation of the 耳朵. 任何雇佣美国员工的个人或沙巴体育手机app.S. 人(尤其是班.S. 雇佣美国人的沙巴体育手机app.S. 个人)，以及那些个人的美国.S. 公民或U.S. permanent residents who may be working for a foreign company or government, should be aware of the additional restrictions on their activities.

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